Jungle Love Essay

The novel, â€Å"Jungle love novel†, was written by Margaret Johnson. This story is about two girls, Jennifer and Lisa, who took a trip to Belize and they both were in love with the same attractive man, Ian. Jennifer enjoyed nature and reading while Lisa liked talking too long. In Jennifer’s situation, she had another man, Pete. They planned to get married and then to move to the countryside to enjoy their life. However, she was very confused about their relationship. She loved Pete, but she wasn’t in love with Pete as much as with Ian. About Lisa, she wasn’t contented with what she had. She lived in the boring countryside with her mother but she always dreamed about living in a luxury flat in London. She knew what she wanted – a soul mate and moving to London. The ridiculous thing is they both were loved by Ian. He couldn’t choose whom he liked most because they were both attractive. These two girls began a war. When Jennifer and Lisa finally discovered that Ian was a big liar, they became reconciled and became good friends. The story ended up with Lisa receiving a phone call from her brother that her mother married an old man. Thus Lisa was able to start her new life in London. At the same time Jennifer broke the engagement with Pete. What a dramatic ending! I think Jennifer didn’t know exactly what she wanted and then made the situation worse and more complicated. Nevertheless, Lisa was confident and sure of what she wanted in life that she tried hard to realize it. The main idea is appearances can be deceptive. In my opinion, they shouldn’t trust man who said sweet words. They both were abused by Ian. Don’t judge only by appearances.

“Great Gatsby” by Scott Fitzgerald Essay

â€Å"Great Gatsby† by Scott Fitzgerald is one of the best American novels owing to its thematic strength. There are many social themes in the story including Dream, vision, honesty, time, wealth, superficiality and shallowness, societal expectation, disloyalty, immorality and selfishness. The surface study shows that its about love relation between Gatsby and Daisy. But the story has much broader theme rather than big romantic scope. The most dominating theme of the story is that of â€Å"American Dream† or rather â€Å"Perverted American Dream†. It is very symbolic story of â€Å"Roaring Age† of 1920s America, particularly the story of shattering of American Dream in that era of economic prosperity and material abundance. The Great Gatsby is the biggest example of skilled narrative art as it is based on the principle of â€Å"double vision†. Everything in the novel is seen in two ways: on the one hand it looks a romantic  love story of Gatsby and Daisy, and on the other hand it is about   â€Å"perverted form of American   Dream†. Scott Fitzgerald  is successful in writing a fiction which carries two parallel stories at the same time. The writer himself once stated,† The test of   a first rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time , and still retain the ability to function†. The story offers the reader to form quality of double vision to see everything in two ways.The surface study of the novel shows that its about love relation between Daisy and Gatsby, but if we probe into the theme, its about corruption of American dream and a failure to achieve ideals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The writer attempted to make readers see through his eyes. The reader is made to believe in the possibilities of variety of opposed ideas. That’s why it is also called â€Å"an allegorical novel†. The reader forms different opinion about the novel when he starts reading, but he finds everything quite different when he reaches the end. The story shows that anyone in America can and can not achieve success to the best despite his level best efforts and hard work. The reader is trapped in enigma by thinking whether Gatsby would get Daisy or not. This is proved when Daisy rejects Gatsby and later accepts him and the reader is able to believe in both alternates.   Gatsby himself is the most real and the most unreal elite described in the story. The writer presents this principle of double vision more artistically by introducing character of Nick who tells us what he sees and gathers information about what he does not see himself. Everything in this novel is seen in two ways: on the one hand as glamorous , romantic   and exciting ,and on the other hand as crude, corrupt and even disgusting. This double vision applies to people, places and incidents of the novel. Gatsby, the protagonist of the story, struggles hard to achieve the desired American dream, but is also obsessed with  love of Daisy, his beloved. The most relevant scene to this double vision is the reunion between Gatsby and Daisy after long period of five years. Gatsby spends most of his time in earning wealth so that he would impress Daisy and get her love. Daisy, on the other hand, is highly indifferent to Gatsby and her marriage with Tom shows it clearly. Even their reunion has different effects on both of them. It seems as if Gatsby were having only one thing in mind: achieving American dream. But later we assess that he is only obsessed with Daisy’s love. The characters’ mind changes every minute and this change also affect the reader and help them expect any possibility. Some critic writes about Great Gatsby: â€Å"Fitzgerald called The Great Gatsby a â€Å"novel of selected incident,† modeled after Flaubert’s Madame Bovary.†What I cut out of it both physically and emotionally would make another novel,† he said. Fitzgerald’s stylistic method is to let a part stand for the whole. In Chapters I to III, for example, he lets three parties stand for the whole summer and for the contrasting values of three different worlds. He also lets small snatches of dialog represent what is happening at each party. The technique is cinematic. The camera zooms in, gives us a snatch of conversation, and then cuts to another group of people. Nick serves almost as a recording device, jotting down what he hears. Fitzgerald’s ear for dialog, especially for the colloquial phrases of the period, is excellent.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reunion scene is the peak of dramatic point of the novel. The readers have been prepared to reach this point. The image of Daisy’s willingness is followed by an image of Gatsby seeing the greenish bay across from Daisy’ dock. colorful parties are followed by isolation in private life. The reader can’t realize at once what the characters already know. The reader reaching this scene takes interest to see whether Gatsby and Daisy renew their lost love. The reader is also interested in the response of Nick on whose intellectual prowess they depend on a lot. The clock scene also offers confrontation of ideas for the readers. The clock is the symbol of past which Gatsby ever yearns to  repeat so that he could again get love of Daisy. The breaking of clock indicates how awkward past moment looks when brought into the present. The facts that the clock does not work indicates flawed dream of Gatsby to win over Daisy. It is true that Gatsby can’t repeat his past and he can’t get best out of American dream and is rather disillusioned. The novel shows abstract philosophy that an idealist  reluctant to compromise can and can’t survive in this material oriented world. The principle of double vision is made more effective by using Nick as a narrator. The surface level study of the novel shows Gatsby’s thorough indulgence in love of Daisy. Nick is an ideal narrator in the story and is mouth piece of Fitzgerald. His physical proximity to the main characters proves that he is ideal narrator as he knows details of the story from many angels and observes everything quite clearly. It was rather impossible to keep two parallel stories in a single novel which had irreconcilable contradictions. The story of love has nothing to do with American Dream but the writer artistically puts them on right place. From the very beginning we find Gatsby prepared to get what Best America has to offer and he has staunch belief in the face that he will win over Daisy’s love, the  most loving woman he has ever seen. He can only win her if he measure up to the standards of old wealthy class. Nick holds the view that Gatsby’s dream was futile from the very start as he won’t be accepted by prejudiced old wealthy class and Daisy belonging to latter can never leave it resulting disillusionment for Gatsby. Here novel shows the fact that â€Å"American dream of equality for all† was a false promise. The story can be interpreted as juxtaposition of two opposed ideas. The ideals are shattered when they are confronted with reality. The ideals of American dream are shattered when  Gatsby gets love of Daisy, when he kisses her, and when he holds her in his arms. The ideal world, in Gatsby’s case, shatters in the face of the real one. The intricate weaving of the various stories within The Great Gatsby is accomplished through a complex symbolic substructure of the narrative. The green light, godly eye of Eckleburg,†brood on over the solemn dumping ground† which shows America as wasteland due to materialistic society and many other symbols make it easier for the writer to intricate stories containing opposing ideas. He also uses metaphors through which he hints at the standards of morality and immorality through out the novel. Daisy can’t change her luxurious living style and can’t accept the new wealthy class. Jordan Baker boasts of her careless driving. The proper utilization of dual symbolism and ambivalent expressions is truly profound and subtle art that Fitzgerald has mastered in this novel. There is no denying the fact that this beautiful novel offers the readers to form in them the habit to see things from more than one angle. The writer holds the opinion that seeing thing from one way may be faulty and it can be entirely different in reality. Thus it will be right to say that everything in the novel has got double meaning and the writer is successful in using principle of double vision in it.

Critical analysis of safeguarding children Essay

A. Critical analysis of safeguarding children including legislation, policy and professional practice (4000 word – 100%): United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child (UNCR 1989), Article 1 defines a ‘child’ as a person below the age of 18. Law is used in order to legitimise society; children are deeply and permanently affected by the laws that are made and enforced by adults. Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the children is based on â€Å"_protecting, preventing and ensure safety_† towards children, (Reference). Within society there are many professionals and agencies operated in order to protect and reinforce children’s rights. The language of safeguarding children came about with the advent of The Children Act 1989. The Children’s Act (1989) and (2004) are also legislation which states that those who work with children have priority to keep them safe. The Children’s Act 2004 focuses more on ‘integrating services around meeting the needs of children and their families’, which resulted in professionals working more closely together (DfES, 2004a). Measures which also are seen to be protecting the interests of the child, would be the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Convention on the Rights of the Child are seen to in-fact have ‘limited impact’ focusing less on the actual rights of the child and more on parental rights in respect of their children’s education (Blythe and Parkin, 1999, p. 118). Although children do not have any say in who will govern them, it is seen as essential for children to be protected within this integrated system we live in. Although professionals have the duty of the protection of children â€Å"_everyone who comes into contact with children and families has a role to play_†, any organisation or agency can work together in order to provide consistent support towards children (Web ref 1). Before moving forward with this essay it is important to establish the professional practice and case which will be used to analyse the child protection of children within the United Kingdom. The parental responsibility under the Children’s Act 1989 S3 (1) is defined as having ‘responsibilities’ rather than ‘rights’ in relation to children. However there have been many cases where the parents/career of child has been questioned. Social workers are called to look at the case, the duty of a  local authority social worker especially in the Children’s Act 1989 S17 (1) is seen to be a duty to investigate when there is cause to suspect that a child may be suffering or has been harmed. Social workers are going to be the focus in this essay in terms of professionals used to protect children and Victoria Climbià © case will also be the focus. Read Also:  Examples of Critical Analysis Essay Writing Social workers are seen as â€Å"mediators, aggressive intervener, interpreters and provider/ locator/ creator of resources in terms of the client’s needs†, in terms of roles which are played (Hollis, 1964). Most times dealing with social workers are not always at the request of the client, child protection is not the only option they also deal with â€Å"compulsory admission to mental health care and at the order of the criminal courts† (Lindsay, 2013, p. 2). Over the years, the complexity of work for practitioners advanced, which created _structural and organisational changes_ (web ref 2). After several years, the government therefore decided to use their agenda for children’s services onto the case of Victoria Climbià © (Laming, 2003). This essay will be based on the analysis of the safeguarding and protection of children and the issues which may come about doing so. Focusing on the work of Social workers in terms of child protection and how the effect ive safeguarding was lacked in the case of Victoria Climbià © (2000). The death of Victoria Climbià © came about in February 2000, aged eight years and three months; her abuse by her great aunt Marie-Therese Kouao and Kouao partner, Carl John Manning, was unknown although she had been seen by many different practitioners including health, police and social workers over the last ten months of her life. Her death sparked an influential inquiry into professional and policy failure which proved negative amongst children’s services, however promoted a change in publications and legislation within the UK as this case has created an overhaul to child protection procedures. As a result of the death of Victoria, Lord Laming highlighted in his evaluation of the professional practices surrounding Victoria’s case the importance of child services working and sharing information in order to protect children and protect them from harm. In his diagnostics of the ‘professional and systematic’ failures which contributed to Victoria’s death including many actors who failed to identify the abuse Victoria went  through. His report published in 2003, recommended 108 changes in which most of them being adapted into the Children Act 2004, as well as the creation of the 2003 green paper Every Child Matters. The professional role of social workers will be analysed critically in collaboratively working to safeguard children. Under the Children Act 1989 and Children Act 2004 practitioners have the responsibility to ‘_Safeguard and promote the welfare of children who are in need’_ as they help prevent children from being in a vulnerable state by a career who can no longer or should not be looking after them. Within the Victoria Climbià © case, social workers were described as â€Å"incompetent† (web ref 3). It was found that the main social worker of this case, Lisa Arthurworrey, was responsible for the death of Victoria, for falling to recognise the abuse. However, Arthurworrey claimed that social workers had not received the ‘_correct guidelines’_ from management until after Victoria’s death (Batty, 2004). It is seen that children tend to have better outcomes where there is evidence of careful assessment of their needs. Social workers try to work together with the services provided in order for early intervention. Assessment is seen to be the foundation of all effective intervention, as it establishes the human needs, evidence would need to be grounded. Services are needed to be provided in the situation of risk and need, accurate and realistic assessment from the relevant professional to ensure all the appropriate information of that certain case needs to be undertaken before ‘Judgements and decisions are made about action and resources’ (Adams and Dominelli et al., 2002, p. 209) The safety of a child is paramount with a social workers role, the Children’s Act 1989 centralises this. The act has focused on the importance of assessment of need/risk of the child and focusing on the arrangements of services inter-connecting for the Protection of Children. Policy and legislation has changed over the years regarding safeguarding children as it was seen that before the policies and practices were more concerned with family support welfare (Audit Commission, 1994: Department of Health, 1995). It was seen that the focus was set to be more of a ‘_change_’  of the work, for the result of child welfare approach principles being able to dominate. It was established that the significance being based on supporting children and families within the community and coercive of intervention and policing being kept to a minimum. The enactment of the 1989 Children’s Act shows tension between policy and practice over time When the Act was passed, the pressure on the child protection system had been raising, as well as the number of referrals and children being brought into care. The problems which have been faced before the act was even passed had not been resolved. Inquiries and reports contained details of how professionals surrounding the children had failed to produce a reaction from failure to communicate with one another. The act was enforced to establish the threshold criteria for child protection inquires and to ensure child as centre in terms of court proceedings. At the same time the Act, enforced guidance and important of the birth family and establishing principles for child care practices, working with family and professionals and the importance of working with family and protection of them as well as protecting children from harm (Allen, 2005; Department of Health [Doh], 1989). The safeguarding agenda continued into the 1990’s, introducing agencies and programmes such as Sure Start and the Children’s Fund. Significant legislation continued with Crime and Disorder Act 11998 and the Adoption and Children Act 2002, which policy also developed with the introduction of Framework for _the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families_ (DoH et al., 2000). This was implemented within local authorities in 2001, which establishes guidance about the conduct of assessment prompted on social workers due to the case of Victoria Climbià ©. The safeguarding agenda was later implicated by the Victoria Climbià © case which introduced _Every Child Matters (_ECM) Framework, including the establishment of Local Children’s Safeguarding (Chief Secretary to the Treasury, 2003, para 1.12; Laming 2003). The initiative was introduced as part of Laming’s actions onn the death of Victoria, which involved efforts to ensure that no child is being ignored by improved services, through  shared information within different professionals and these professionals working alongside another which also included the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) – based on renewed measures of tackling social exclusion ensuring each child’s have their voices heard. Victoria horrific death which arose due to the hands of the great aunt and partner reaffirmed the framework which aimed for every young child to have the best chance in life to achieve their full potential. While responding to the death of Victoria, the Green Paper ECM providing ‘thinking and legislative’ framework that would further broaden the scope for prevention and early intervention which was seen to be the central aim of ensuring well-being of all children. This is shown in the outcome statement of ECM (DfES, 2004). Children should achieve economic well being Be health Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Stay safe These categories are far from the narrow visions of how child protection should work from how it was the 1980’s and 1990’s, showing how advanced the agenda has advanced to ensure better services. These aims show the attempts the Government have in order to achieve a more proactive and guarding service for children and families. However even with this in place, it is seen that the agenda within the UK can be seen to be wavered in terms of the ‘local implantation failure’ within society as Victoria Climbe case demonstrates rather than actual policy. The Victoria Climbià © Inquiry report established the conflicts of agents working together as they failed to link small factors which would have led to realise she was being abused. It established that there were key opportunities which could have taken place to help intervene to help  Victoria. None of the professionals who had seen Victoria questioned why she had not been attending school or had not been registered with a GP. Victoria was seen by Dr. Schwartz who failed to spot evidence of the 8 year Old’s abuse, asserted her view that due to the due of the essential ‘interpretative nature of inter-professional communication’, Victoria was ignored. Schwartz claimed the injuries were evident as scabies infection, this opinion which previously as scabies infection, this opinion which previously contracted a locum registrar, Dr Ajayi-Obe who had the view that she had been physically abused. But the consultant claimed she did not consider it necessary to take a case history, despite her child protection concerns as she expected social services to investigate the girls circumstances (Batty, 2001). Lord Laming asserts in his evaluation of the professional; practices surrounding Victoria’s case, in order for children to be adequately safeguarded, information within agencies has to be improved. Each agency needs to prioritise passing information to another agency and the recipients should query any points of uncertainty. In the words of the two hospital consultants who had Victoria, â€Å"_I cannot query for the way other people interpreted what I said. It was not the way I would have liked it to have been interpreted_† (Dr Ruby Schwartz) â€Å"_I do not think it was until I have re-read this letter that I appreciated quite the depth of misunderstanding_† (Dr Mary Rossiter). This shows how Victoria was in the middle of miscommunication which was the downfall to her safety (Laming, 2003) While analysing about statements, it is obvious the lack of communication and misunderstanding was apparent, making it obvious to see how Laming came to this view. It is clear that action to safeguard Victoria non-existent; she was caught up in the dysfunctional ‘_gatekeeping’_ practices in Brent Social Services. Actions to safeguard Victoria were hindered due to the undetected and failing practice of the institutions in which she was involved in. Within society, children are seen as needing protecting from economic and social structures. It is seen that social meanings in society differ depending on different risks and needs, this is apparent within the ECM agenda with the policy documents. Negatively views as the child being  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcitizen-worker-of-the-future’ (Williams, 2004, p.408). It is seen that the child’s view is being ignored, from their views which were expressed in the ECM consultation process- which emphasized on extra-curricular activities and spaces for children (DfES). This is seen as common within policy-making and how children are being constructed within the society we live in. Rather than being seen as children practising to become adults, children are viewed as not be able to know ‘what is rational because they cannot yet see what rational’ (Archard, 1993, p.g6). Therefore children are always seen as being needed to be developed and protected by the capital. Some would say that within different agencies some practitioners within different agencies are not aware with the understanding of how different services defer depending on different level of need. This can be a problem as children and families could be given the wrong type of service. Guidance from ‘Early Intervention Securing Good Outcomes for Children’ (DCSF, 2010) saw early intervention as not relating ‘_exclusively to intervening younger ages’_ but tackling issues ‘as they arise, whatever the age of the child or young age’. Early intervention is used in order to safeguard children is demonstrated by ‘_research studies and cost-benefit analysis’_ (Easton and Gee, 2012) Policies within the government seem to have progressed towards early intervention. Not only due to the safety of children, but was due to economic grounds of children’s failure to secure necessary skills, qualifications and moral ideas for their future. Soon the government decided to show-case their concerns for children having future problems with employability and criminality, therefore introducing the framework for education _Birth to Three Matters_ in 2002 (DfES), to confirm that no child is exempt from developmental prescription. This is relevant to safeguarding children in the sense that with the frameworks, children who are seen to be ‘in conflict’ with the law or seen as threatening and as such forfeit their right to be ‘safe-guarded’ although those are children who may need protection the most. According to ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’ (2010) a document  released by the government based on a guide for organisations and individuals who need to work together to safeguard children. In regards to thresholds and assessment the document established, the Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCB) should take part in local arrangements for taking common assessment and use the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) when appropriate. They came about to ensure practice work in place that aims to target particular groups by ‘developing/evaluating thresholds and procedures for work where children and families where a child has been identified as ‘in need’ under the Children Act 1989†². Also, that ‘local arrangements’ are taken for common assessment while using CAF and be aware when it is possible to refer a possible child in need to children’s social care services, this is enforced by the Children’s Trust board, wor king with the LSCB. The Common Assessment Framework was developed as a standard tool for all professionals working with children and families, used for assessment and referral purposes (Department for Education and Skills [DfES], 2006a, 2006b), all this in the hope of professionals working effectively through communication and shared information. As the government has come up with the aim of bringing child welfare to a common understanding within different agencies and professionals, the introduction of CAF is designed to illuminate this. CAF was designed in order to focus on the needs and strengths rather than ‘concerns’ for children within these services. Professionals have been encouraged to educate strengths, needs action and solutions for children across three domains derived from the Framework for Assessment of Children and Need and their Families (DoH, 2004): ‘_Development of unborn baby, infant or young children’, ‘Parents and carers’_ and ‘F_amily and environmental’._ As the CAF is evidence based, which can make the completed CAF very hard to understand, even for experienced child welfare professionals (White et al., 2008). As the need for Child Care services has increased, in total, between April 2011 and January 2012 Cafcass, received 10,199 new applications – 10.8% higher when compared to the same period last financial year (Rogers and Evans, 2012). This shows that the manner in which the 1989 Children’s Act is being applied effectively within the country; agencies are acting faster and  more effectively in ensuring vulnerable children are being removed from neglect and abusive households, therefore due to a more rapidly and responsive assessment and awareness, professionals of leaving a care are the cause of higher numbers of applications. Children’s Care prioritizes care for those circumstances such were the family or child are in such serious danger. According to North Yorkshire Safeguarding Children Board these are the key responsibilities for Children’s Care (web ref 1): Assess, plan and provide support to children in need, particularly those suffering or likely to suffer significant harm; Make enquiries under Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 wherever there is reason to suspect that a child in its area is at risk of significant harm; Provide a Key Worker for every child subject to a Child Protection Plan; Ensure that the agencies who are party to the protection plan coordinate their activities to protect the child; Convene regular reviews of the progress of any child subject to a Child Protection Plan through both Core Group and Child Protection Conference Review meetings; Instigate legal proceedings where required. In order to provide effective service, professionals must be prepared to seek an understanding from other practitioners, from other organisations in order to form phrases which have little meaning and result in the use of habitualization. (White et al., 2008) In order to assess the participation within parents and child it is important to use CAF to assess the children and to identify needs (Department for Education and Skills, 2005). Parenting is held to be important for the life  chances of all children, although in reality parenting interventions are focused upon the poorest parents (Goldson and Jamieson, 2002). Safeguarding children requires the need to ensure that the child is in best hands in terms of carers for them. Carers who are seen to be of a negative light within society, this weighs heavily on each child, as each child depends on someone to look after them as they are vulnerable. The condition of children who are incapable of acting for their best interests justifies the need of carers; policies are put into place to ensure the rights and power between parents and child. Parents in acting in behalf of their children, but it also constitute such tutelage as a duty (Archard, 1993, p. 7) Due to the Adoption and Children Act 2002, which emphasized how agencies have a duty to assess harm whenever domestic violence was present, the increase of cases referred to Children Protection Registers etc. because of domestic violence was paramount. However it is seen that although there is an increase in cases of domestic violence being assessed properly, evidence of services which protect them have not been increasing resulting in these services having to consider what can be done to improve their response with the current budgets. The importance of working with parents and child in order to achieve the best outcome is vital as it ensures effective help has been used. Working in partnership with parents is needed as working with parents is shown through the Children Act 1989. ‘supporting families, when necessary, to bring up their children and working in partnership with parents whose circumstances may be difficult is at the heart of our Children Act’ (Department of Health 1995a, p.1) Many other acts support working in partnership with parents, such as the green paper Every Child Matters as it encourages the involvement of agencies and support through early intervention not only through child protection work but others also. However, with these multi-agencies working together to helping and empowering parents, some families are seen to be reluctant to receive these services which has some negative effects on safeguarding children. It is seen that some workers draw back from negative threats of violence or intimidation and many plans that were supposed to do undergo have not and therefore left unchallenged. This is evident in the  death of Ainlee Labonte in 2002, through the negative behaviour of her parents who refused to cooperate with the agencies offered to them, workers often ‘froze’ which therefore hindered their ability to follow through with referrals, assessments or plans (Brandon et al, 2008, p.96) Referring to parents power and participation with children and professionals it is also important to establish how the Adoption and Children Act 2002 contributed to a further amendment to the Children Act 1989 in respect of fathers’ parental responsibility. This refers to all professionals working with children should know the parental responsibility; it previously contained information which hindered unmarried fathers access to their children. This act put in place has ensured that the child’s interest were key and not just the interests of the government, with social workers looking at adults in a family who had real relationships with their children. The current situation is that the following have parental responsibility The child’s mother The child’s father if they are married to mother The child’s unmarried father if registered on the child’s birth certificate Someone who adopts child Someone who becomes the child’s guardian on the mother’s death etc. Overall, it is important to establish the importance of safeguarding children with the UK. With cases such as Victoria Climbià ©, which emphasized the lack of good professional practice has led to many different changes. Although some would say these changes are not always implemented everywhere. Practitioners have a key role in ensuring the process of communication between different organisations and professions, which the acts and policies such as the Children Act 2004 and Every Child Matters, the integration of children services can be practised to ensure protection for children and  families. 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Department of Health (1989) An introduction of The Children Act 1989, London, HMSO Department of Health (1995a) Child Protection: Messages from Research, London, HMSO. Department of Health (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their families, London, HMSO Easton, C. and Gee, G. (2012). Early intervention: informing local Goldson, B. and Jamieson, J. (2002) _Youth Crime, the ‘Parenting Deficit’ and State Intervention: A Contextual Critique._ Youth Justice vol 2 issue 2 pp 82-99 Hollis, F. 1964 _Casework: a psychosocial therapy_. 2nd edition. New York: Random House Laming, H. 2003. _The Victoria Climbià ©ÃŒ  Inquiry_. [London]: Stationery Office. Lindsay, T. 2013. Social work intervention. London: SAGE/Learning Matters. practice (LGA Research Report). Slough: NFER. White, S., Hall, C. and Peckover, S. (2008) ‘_the descriptive tyranny of the common assessment framework: Technologies of categorization and professional practice in child welfare’_, British Journal of Social Work. Advance access available at: DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcn05 WEB REFERNCES Web ref 1: Workingtogetheronline.co.uk. 2013. _Introduction_. [online] Available at: Web ref 2: http://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/DMS/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=gyno%2FsYRZeuFOe%2Fc8Y03G13Bv1kM9hiu4Kq8CG9iPaxmLOgFg3emoQ%3D%3D&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&kCx1AnS9%2FpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2BAJvYtyA%3D%3D=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&FgPlIEJYlotS%2BYGoBi5olA%3D%3D=NHdURQburHA%3D&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3D [Accessed: 02 Jan 2014]. Web 3: Batty, D. 2001. _Climbià © doctor admits errors put girl at risk_. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/oct/12/5 [Accessed: 15 Jan 2014]. http://www.workingtogetheronline.co.uk/chapters/intro.html [Accessed: 18 Dec 2013]. Safeguardingchildren.co.uk. 2014. _Section 2: Agency Roles and Responsibilities_. [online] Available at: http://www.safeguardingchildren.co.uk/section-2-procedures.html [Accessed: 02 Jan 2014]. Rogers, S. and Evans, L. 2012. _Children taken into care: why are the figures rising?_. [online] Available at:

Amazon and alibaba compare this two company and analysis Essay

Amazon and alibaba compare this two company and analysis - Essay Example Due to the rapid change of the business environment the organisations have to understand the political, social, economical, technological, environment and legal condition of expanding markets. These foreign markets have augmented the probability of failure for the organisations and there are several examples pertaining to unsuccessful foreign ventures (Jaffe, Nebenzahl and Schorr, 2005). Hence, it is significant for an organisation to study the market condition of a new target market of an emerging country before commencing with the international business plan. IBE has changed over the years to such an extent that the organisation in the foreign markets has to amend their management styles and devise strategies to operate successfully. Though there are several risk factors associated with expanding a business internationally but the organisations perceives the international markets as opportunities, which assists in growth of the business (Sirmon, Hitt and Ireland, 2007). In order to achieve the predetermined goal, the organisations aim at producing specialized products, which have huge demand in the intentional markets. In this process they utilise the resources that are available worldwide (Gupta, 2013; Nandi, 2010). The business often experiences severe challenges in the international markets such as issues related to legal, social, political, technological and cultural system in the global context. Hence, global management is required to develop strategies that help the organisation to sustain in long run in the international grounds. The organisations have to make huge investments in the international markets to as to compete with their rivals and increase the markets global market share (Sirmon and Hitt, 2003). Hence, the importance of internal business environments is quite clear and this report highlights the current achievements, potential for future success and business operation of two renowned

4 MAT Review on The Life You've Always Wanted by Ortberg Essay

4 MAT Review on The Life You've Always Wanted by Ortberg - Essay Example I will be with you.† God will not stop at repairing our brokenness but go on to make us new again. True transformation means loving God and people more and more. If we are to achieve that, we must not be content with trying hard at it, but commit to a life of training for it. That entails real discipline. Spiritual discipline is any activity that can help us gain power to live life as Jesus taught and modeled it. It may be through prayer, solitude, work, worship, suffering or even play and celebration. Those training hard to be spiritually transformed must not focus on boundaries – judging others as being less than they are. That is pseudo-transformation. They must always remember to be like Jesus, as he does not focus on boundaries, but instead, focuses on the center of spirituality which is love for God and people. The reward of training to achieve a transformed spiritual life is a well-ordered heart which increasingly desires to avoid sin to be totally close to God and to never be outside His circle of blessings. Indeed, such is the heart of a person living the life we’ve always wanted. Back when I was a lot younger, a friend of mine decided to join a Christian Singles Group. She had the time of her life, always fired up for their weekly meetings and bible discussions. She looked forward to all the fellowship activities. She kept inviting me to join her and share the joy she experienced being part of the group. Somehow, I managed to avoid saying â€Å"yes†, as I reasoned I had too much to do. Exasperated at my dodging, she said something that really hit home. â€Å"It’s hard for me to be in this position where I am advancing in my spirituality while you are being left behind.† I didn’t know exactly how I felt about what she said. It seemed like a multi-edged sword of sympathy, compassion, concern, pity, criticism, insult that was driven deep in my

My Philosophy on Leadership Outline OM8920 Essay

My Philosophy on Leadership Outline OM8920 - Essay Example A leader is effective if he/she listens well, effectively motivates and inspires, and supplies a team with solicitous vision and strategic direction. A leader is the one who leads by example and authorizes his followers. He profoundly understands the wants of the people whom he leads and unselfishly considers his activities and their impact on his followers. I have implemented my leadership philosophy successfully by adopting the philosophy contained in Ken Blanchard and Paul Hersey's Situational Leadership Model (2004). This two-dimensional practical approach leading teams and projects, presumes that different leadership styles are better in different situations, and that leaders must be flexible enough to adapt their style to the situation they are in. A good situational leader is one who can quickly change leadership styles as the situation changes. Most of us attempt to do this in our dealings with people: we try not to get angry with a new employee, and we remind forgetful people. The model doesn't apply only to people in leadership or management positions; all people lead others at work, at play, and at home.

Social Justice and Policies for Children Learning English Essay

Social Justice and Policies for Children Learning English - Essay Example Supporters of social justice like Nancy Fraser and John Rawls have formulated various approaches or theoretical perspectives of the core ideologies and processes of what comprises social justice. As regards to the relevance of social justice theories to education, Cribb and Gewirtz (2003) have developed one of the most valuable theoretical models, which explain three types of social justice - associational, cultural, and distributive. This paper focuses on the cultural aspect of social justice, particularly in relation to social inclusion policies for linguistic minority children learning English as an additional language in the UK. Cultural justice supports respect for or consideration of cultural diversity. Cribb and Gewirtz (2003) argue that this is an effective way to eliminate hindrances to social justice. Societies act in response to cultural differences in distinctive ways. Educational policies for the needs and demands of children belonging to cultural minority groups in the UK have changed since the immigration from earlier British colonial states in the 1950s. Language became the emphasis on educational policies for this progressing culturally diverse society in the UK with the Department of Education and Science’s (DES) (1963) English for Immigrants. This was the earliest key government programme into the English language instruction for children whose mother tongue was not English. The language requirements of the schools’ immigrant students were dealt with as regards the observed necessity to guarantee that their being there did not interrupt learning for the majority population who are white monolingual. The immigrant students’ cultural requirements were not tackled in official policy, a phenomenon that is experienced until now.

Recruitment Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recruitment Plan - Assignment Example Date opened: Division: Department: Job Group: Contact Information: Hiring Manager: Others involved: (i) In reviewing resumes (ii) In the interview and selection Salary Gauge: Reason for Job Opening: Expansion of the company leading to opening of a production in the UK. Anticipated start date for this position: 2.2 Performance Profile Describing criteria with which to advertise, source, assess and interview. What will each candidate need to become successful These "must haves" are then converted into actions; measurable objectives. Look at the available resources, facilities and the group dynamics. Determine traits and abilities of the best people new on the job. Compare the best people already in the job and select traits that predict success. Outline additional "must haves". Includes related work experience. Industry/work setting: Educational post-graduate or certifications required. 2.3 Strategy for Diverse Recruitment Using the underutilization data focusing on the underutilized groups like Hispanics, Asian, American Indians, females or African Americans. Recruitment sources 2.3.1 In-house systems This has its own advantages and disadvantages (Buhler & D.B.A. 2002). Advantages include the fact that it costs less, it involves employees who are already familiar with the organization and its culture, it helps retain company secrets, improves employee morale and also it has a better success rate because employee track record is known. Its disadvantages include the fact that it creates a ripple effect as more job openings develop, it may lead to stagnation as no new thinking is injected into the organization and also creates negative internal competition. 2.3.2 Professional organizations and Associations 2.3.3 Target companies or...In the long run, this leads to serious frustrations. Use of a thorough recruitment process with the sophistication of the recruitment process being commensurate to the complexity of the job. As a minimum, the interview process should comprise atleast two interviews, an appropriate psychometric assessment and a thorough reference check. Use of a thorough interview, which should be highly structured and based on, proved methodologies. It's aimed at revealing levels of competency on the key areas, appropriate experience, the personality strengths, weaknesses and integrity. This has its own advantages and disadvantages (Buhler & D.B.A. 2002). Advantages include the fact that it costs less, it involves employees who are already familiar with the organization and its culture, it helps retain company secrets, improves employee morale and also it has a better success rate because employee track record is known. Its disadvantages include the fact that it creates a ripple effect as more job openings develop, it may lead to stagnation as no new thinking is injected into the organization and also creates negative internal competition. While advertising we will aim at creating interest in the post. As noted by Arue, Neil and Olga (2005), the more details given a job advert the more the more highly an organization is likely to be regarded and the more interest it will create.

Purchasing And Supply Chain Management Case Study

Purchasing And Supply Chain Management - Case Study Example The first level is the need/problem recognition or identification level. This is the primary stage where an individual buyer recognizes the need or problem. After an individual realizes a need or problem then only he/she starts searching for the solution/product. The second stage is to determine alternatives or to gather information about the product or solution. Thus, after completion of searching the alternatives, next comes the assessment stage. In this step, the various alternatives are assessed carefully in order to reduce risk and maximize profitability. Subsequently, the decision making part takes place which means whether to purchase a particular product or not. This can occur only when the individual is evidently convinced about the benefits of the product. Finally, appears the post-purchase evaluation stage. This is the last stage which deals with the satisfaction level of the customer after purchasing the product. Moreover, the process of purchasing also includes certain o ther facts into consideration. The requirement of the total cost is one of the essential components which need to be accessed before purchasing. Furthermore, the selection of a supplier is also evident, prior to buying as well as to search for other alternatives in order to acquire the product at a reduced cost (Weele, 2009). Conclusively, it can be stated that the decision of purchasing a product needs a cautious review of various aspects associated with it. According to the case study, it can be stated that Dr. Spiller is surely escaping normal purchasing procedures. As he is the head of the radiology department, so he tries to circumvent the general procedure of asking the purchasing manager before finalizing the deal for purchase.

Effects of Drinking Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Effects of Drinking Alcohol Essay Drinking alcohol is like taking a drug. It is a form of drug abuse, and drug addiction. This is a worldwide problem that many people are involved in. There are good effects of alcohol if it is in small amounts, and in moderation. On the other hand there are bad short and long term effects. The effects that a person will get are all based on certain factors like, how much and how often alcohol is consumed, the age of the person, when the person started and how long they have been drinking for, gender, their family history and last but not least based on their health. Lately scientists have been saying that a little bit of alcohol with dinner is not only okay but it is also good for you. This is true in moderation. They say that if you drink a small amount of alcohol it will help you sleep. Also if you drink a moderate amount every day it can help your health in the long run. A moderate amount is considered to be 1 drink for women daily and 2 drinks for men daily. This can help bring your HDL level up, which helps protect your heart against disease that causes heart attacks. Also a moderate amount of alcohol everyday can lower your risk of developing diabetes by increasing your insulin sensitivity. It can also raise ‘good cholesterol’ levels. In the long run they have said that for women it helps keep the mind sharp in later years. Now when they talk about having a helpful amount of alcohol they mean small doses of it a day with a meal, so that the absorption rate is slowed down. Now this doesn’t mean that a person should start drinking for the benefits that it gives, it just means that if you drink in moderation already it could be slightly helpful to you in the future. If you take advantage of that and drink in excess there are effects that you should be aware of. Contrary to some beliefs, alcohol is a depressant. This is the opposite of a stimulator, meaning that it calms you down, and slows down some organs in your body. Alcohol therefore has short term effects on your body. With about 0. 05% blood- alcohol level you start to get dulled judgment and your inhibitions are released. After that stage you start to get clumsy and will have slurred speech with about a 0. 10% blood-alcohol level. Once you come close to unconsciousness you have a 0. 30% blood-alcohol level. After that point it starts to get dangerous, because you can go into a coma at 0. 45%, and then at 0. 70% the brain starts to shut off and stop controlling things like breathing, and your heart, which will end up in death. These facts are not meant to scare you, because most people can’t drink past 0. 40% because they are asleep. Some other short term effects include blackouts, where you can’t remember what happened, and insomnia, where you can’t fall asleep. While you are drinking you will be less alert, less aware of your surroundings, lose your muscular coordination, have difficulty walking, have blurred vision, and have slow reaction times. This can lead to accidents, injuries, and death. Also after drinking you may get a hangover the next morning which will include effects like headaches, nausea, thirst, heartburn, dizziness, and fatigue. If you are not careful with the amount of alcohol that you drink you can get some bad side-effects. Once you start to become addicted to alcohol you are considered an alcoholic. There are many long term effects that come along with drinking lots of alcohol for a prolonged amount of time. Drinking alcohol like this will damage your organs, like the brain, liver, stomach, intestines, and heart. The brain is affected, because brain cells die which leads to memory loss, confusion, learning difficulties, problems with attention, and brain disorders. The liver is effected, because cancer can develop there, and also in the mouth and throat. The stomach may acquire ulcers. From prolonged drinking you can have a stroke, or have heart failure. The nervous system can also get damaged, and when this happens the person will get physical and behavioral problems. Impaired vision can also be a result of this type of drinking. It also affects your health. One reason for this is because alcohol is high in calories which can lead to obesity. Another reason is that poor nutrition normally comes side by side with lots of drinking. This could be because the alcohol interferes with the absorption and storage of the vitamins you get. Also the water soluble minerals get lost because of the increased urination that happens. Because of the lowered health you also have a lowered resistance to infections. Some other less serious effects of prolonged drinking are vomiting, profuse sweating, hallucinations, tremors, and sleep disturbances. All of these problems can quickly lead to injury to oneself or to others, violence, and death. Also it leads to a loss of employment, and a loss of family life. If you are addicted to alcohol or drink a lot of alcohol for a long period of time you will shorten your life span by about 12 years, and get a lot of serious side-effects. In conclusion alcohol can affect your life in a good or bad way depending on how you drink, how often you drink, and how much you drink. It is better to drink in moderation, and responsibly. This normally means drinking only 1 to 2 glasses a day with a meal, and to also have a healthy diet that goes along with that. Otherwise the health benefits of drinking alcohol are gone, and replaced with some horrible side-effects. Everyone can make their own decision on what drinking in moderation is and what drinking responsibly means, but everyone should be informed with the facts.

National Situation on OSH in Liberia

National Situation on OSH in Liberia Name of participant: Habib K.N Sheriff Proposals for the improvement the national situation on OSH in Liberia Introduction To protect workers health and safety, a system has to be in place to ensure that the health and safety of the employees are consistently protected void of type and class of work. This system must enforce workers protection independent of the employers will, i.e. the system must ensure that the employers doesnt act at his/her will and pleasure even if it endangers the health and safety of the employees. Currently, there exist no recognized structure/policy in Liberia; however, there are specialist organizations and government bodies with direct functions in specific OSH disciplines. Unfortunately, even these bodies are dormant. As the government is meant to protect its citizenry, they must take the lead in the protection of employees. As a significant responsibility, government is to ensure decent work for all workers which include safe work. This is not unique to Liberia; it is included in the ILO Convention on Occupational Health Services No. 161 describes the occupational health service as an integrated, comprehensive, multidisciplinary team entrusted with essentially preventive functions and responsible for advising employers, workers and their representatives in undertakings on improving health at work, improving the working environment, promoting workers health, adapting work to the physical and mental capabilities of workers, and the overall development of the structural and managerial aspects of the workplace needed for health and safety (Introduction to the National OSH System, 2015). The government of Liberia being a signatory to the Convention 155 and Recommendation 164 of Occupational Safety and Health, 1981 of the ILO must therefore develop a policy consistent with best practice and strongly supported by law and used it to enforce OSH best practice in the country. This policy must have the support most preferably of all branches of the government: an act endorse by parliament and signed into law, explained by the judiciary and enforced by the executive. In such way, the highest office i.e. the office of the President supports the document thereby giving it the much needed enforcement. Strength and weaknesses of current OSH structure of Liberia: Strength Currently, there are a number of government ministries responsible to execute various OSH duties in the Liberia. These ministries are supported by law to organized specialist teams that will assist the improvement of specific sector through engagement and enforcement. They are empower to varying extend depending on the body and task they have to perform. Some even have powers of arrest- Ministry of Gender and development has the power to arrest individuals involved in child labor practices and turn the culprit over to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution, while others have powers to issue stop order like those issued by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, and the Ministry of Labor. Weakness Unfortunately, there is little that is been done by each of these organization. They are either dormant or lacks the manpower and technical knowhow to execute their responsibilities. Also, the support from government is lacking in some area. A major challenge in the current structure is the definition of scope and responsibilities. Several ministries tend to repeat similar roles. This is worsened by very poor communication between line ministries on cross-functional subjects. This result to unnecessary repetition like during inspections, and multiple instructions to businesses in the implementation of OSH. Proposed structure: Foundation Policy is commonly defined as a specific, deliberate course of action adopted by a government or public body to help fulfil its mandate. Any policy must be anchored in, and derive its authority from, formal legal powers and obligations and is thus an important instrument for decision-making processes. (National OSH Governance, 2015 edition), considering this definition, OSH must be enacted as the genesis for the formation of the system all that follows. This act will be aimed at strengthening its derivatives- the resulting policies and procedure. This act will be implemented through the established structure within the national framework. There must be agencies with responsibilities to perform different roles and develop regulations and Code of practices. With the support of the act, agencies can be held liable for not implementing these regulations or failure to meet best practice as prescribe in the Code of practice. Overtime, there will be collective barging which will further aid the full implementation of the policy and where necessary, technical standards to will be given by the responsible agency/authority to ensure bottle-necks are remove. Stakeholders structure Liberia has numerous ministries with OSH responsibilities, these ministries must be properly coordinated through a Competent Authority (CA) this CA must be legislated and made semi-autonomous to ensure that it acts with neither fear nor favor. The body should be so constituted and empower to countercheck the activities of line ministries responsible for the enforcement of OSH related issues in the country. For instance, in as much as health related subject falls within the ambit of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW), the CA should have the overall responsibility to check the ministry and ensure that agencies are complying with regulations. Same must apply to the ministry of Labor which oversees labor related issues. The CA will oversee a tripartite council constituted by line ministries with OSH duties, private companies and workers council; also either as a part of the workers council or subsidiary bodies are the insurance and Traditional representation. This body- tripartite council will meet at regular intervals to discuss national OSH issues, whenever such meetings are held, the CA will chair and ensure proper documentation are stored with the authority. Other major bodies: Insurance bodies Although not directed regarded when naming the tripartite council, insurance plays a cardinal role in the overall establishment and maintenance of the OSH system in a country. Naturally, proper OSH management tends to greatly benefit insurance agencies by reducing compensation they pay out and increase their income. Therefore, when insurance agencies pay special attention to OSH by supporting proactive projects- prevention projects/campaigns, there will be marked improvement in the overall OSH system of the country. Traditional bodies To achieve realistic compliance to OSH policies, it is only wise to involve stakeholders having direct impacts on both the formal and informal occupational sector. In Liberia, farming is done basically through traditional methods and involves illiterate farmers using local methods. The importance of having this group represented cannot be overemphasized. Any council without a full representation of this group is incomplete because it excludes a significant number of workers hence it is not a proper representation of the overall workforce. Moreover, formulation of effective guidelines can only be done if the nature of the problem is fully understood. To understand the problem, there must be consultation which cannot be actualized without the involvement of local farmers; therefore, it is best to have the fullest representation of those carrying on the task when reviewing issues and making decisions. Rules and directives must be applicable to the people in the region for which they are design. If the tools use by a particular group of people is not known, how does a person risk assessing the task know the hazards inherent in such task? Benefits of the competent authority: Ambiguity The CA will remove ambiguity among ministries by deciding their scope and limitations in OSH. Quite frequently, line ministries do no fully know the limitations of their OSH duties as other ministries have similar functions. For instance, the Ministry of Labor (MOL) is responsible to ensure that working conditions are decent for all workers, this also is the responsible of the MOHSW who is responsible to ensure health care is optimum the workplace and that the working conditions doesnt hamper the health of the workers. Coordination A CA will ensure better coordination through joint projects and optimizing specialist skills when and where necessary. For instance, although decent work involves both MOHSW and MOL, where health is a key indicator of decent work, better coordination between these two line ministries will assist in deciding that MOHSW takes the lead due to their specialist skills in health. Unnecessary repetition and inspection CA will define the roles and limitations of each ministry. Since ministries have repeated or closely similar roles, some inspections are carried out more than once, this result to apprehension amongst businesses and industries at which these inspections are carried out, hence much lack of cooperation. Define reporting structure As a basic responsibility of the CA, it will collect reports on a timely basis and follow-up on gaps in various agencies. This define structure will regulate line ministries and agencies in complying with established guidelines. Also, reporting will aid during auditors to cross checked what is reported against what exist in the workplace. By this means, greater focus will be placed on the needed areas and removed the need for unnecessary attention. Technical services This body must be so constituted to have the necessary technical experience to facilitate training and provide assistance to various entities on OSH related subjects. Trainings should not be limited to technical services (working at height, use of PPE, lifting rigging and slinging, manual handling etc.); it should also include administration and structure in OSH. As the OSH program is relatively new in Liberia, this body must have the needed funding from government to provide 75-90% of the training free. This will encourage greater participation of organizations especially profit making ones who view OSH as additional expenditure. Conclusion: In Liberia to achieve and maintain an OSH system, a policy must be formed and controlled by a CA. This can be achieved by forming a tripartite council which meets regularly to establish and review national OSH framework and develop a plan of action. This council headed by the CA will also be supplemented by other bodies which will have full rights- these bodies must include Insurance and Traditional bodies. Said council must be supported by an act of legislation, fully constituted by all the relevant stakeholders and have the needed technical experience to properly guide the implementation of established guidelines and code of practices. This will create a fertile environment for a fast growing OSH culture where there will be more voluntary compliance. Although voluntary compliance is sought, the overall priority is to protect workers from harm physically or mentally, therefore, the CA should be given enforcement powers to act without warning when necessary. All should be cone with a basic rule Decent/safe work for all employees. Bibliography: Occupational safety and health module 6.1 -2015 edition Occupational safety and health module 6.2 -2015 edition

Quantitative Methods for Historical Data Analysis

Quantitative Methods for Historical Data Analysis The use of quantitative methods for historical data analysis has become popularized by demographers, sociologists, social science historians, and economic historians since the Economic History Association and the National Bureau of Economic Research conference on income and wealthy in 1957.[1] In the past six decades, with the rapid development of computer information system and prevailing global Internet, quantitative analysis is gradually drawing history research closer to science and helps intensify peoples understanding of history. The first historical study that utilizes the quantitative analysis of historical data is Emily Eriksons, Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833.[2] In their 2006 article, Erikson and Bearman analyze that the growth and the global trade network of East India Company (EIC), 1601 to 1833, is mainly ascribed not to the entrepreneurial power of the company but to that its individual agents acting in their own self-interest, often at the expense of the EIC. To investigate the practices of individual malfeasance, Erikson and Bearman use data based on the sufficient data of 4,572 voyages taken by EIC including the records of ships, ship logs, journals, ports, voyage schedules, ledgers, individual and corporate correspondences, financial records and books, receipts, registers of cargo, personnel, and armaments. Data from The Catalogue of the East India Companys Ships Journals and Logs, 1600-1834 and The Biographical index of East India Company maritime service officers: 1600-1834 are used to demonstrate the carrying capacity of the EIC and the ports involved in the trade network.[3] Evidence reveals that the EIC management created opportunities for the private traders that were involved in malfeasance and for the relationship between EIC and the private traders. Evidence also shows how EIC management identified the private traders, the captains on the ships, and who used company resources to conduct private trades for personal profits. In addition to the impacts on economics, the history of malfeasance can be associated with social, cultural, and political factors. By using this data, Erikson and Bearman trace EIC trade from its early access to the Silk Road to the crossing of the Indian Ocean and discovering of an all-water route to Asia.[4] Through the examination of individual ships port visits, Erikson and Bearman are able to develop a thesis that argues the personal ambitions of ships captains indirectly led to a more developed globalized trade network. The second historical study that utilize the quantitative analysis of historical data is Tyler Anbinders Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts (Anbinder 2012). In his 2012 article, Anbinder examines the financial conditions of New York Irish immigrant community in the nineteenth century. Rather than rely solely on the correspondences, employment records, and estimated assets, Anbinder uses a resource newly available to historians as of his writing: the Irish immigrants saving accounts at the Emigrant Saving Bank. [5] Anbinder challenges the long-held beliefs of many historians that Irish immigrants, particularly the Famine immigrants, were desperately poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Widely despised, and often subsisting on the bare edge of starvation.[6] He argues that the Irish immigrants communities had optimistic chance of success based on the amount of money in their saving accounts.[7] To examine the savings of New Yorks Irish famine immigrants, Anbinder and his students conducted a research study by creating a database of nine hundred depositors (both immigrants and non-immigrants).[8] These were randomly chosen from among the first 18,000 accounts opened at the bank. Important factors examined include date of arrival in America, occupational distribution, and immigrants economic backgrounds in Ireland.[9] Anbinder argues the findings that the saving figures were underestimated the immigrants true net worth because of an overlook of immigrants additional accounts, remittances to the family in Ireland, other kinds of assets (real estate, business investments, personal property), and the actual financial resources.[10] Based on evidence, Anbinder acknowledges how the famine-era immigrant saved money from an unskilled job to a more profit-making category, own business, and/or using political connections to get higher-paying occupations. Anbinder illustrates a portrait of New York Irish immigrants using quantitative analysis of their bank records to draw out simple and independent indicators is radically different from his colleagues. In addressing his peers in eth field, Anbinder states that it is the historians responsibly to discard entirely the rags-to-riches paradigmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and instead reconceptualize how we think about immigrant economic achievement in America.[11] He urges historians to look more at savings rather than these other measures of economic achievement. Saving is much more accurate measure of economic accomplishment, and the data is available, waiting to be explored. But it needs to be exploited soon because the records are quickly disappearing.[12] The third historical study that utilizes the quantitative analysis of historical data is the third chapter of Susie Paks Gentlemen Bankers: The World of J. P. Morgan. In her book, Pak examines the inner working of the private banking sectors from the perspective of J. P. Morgan Co. Paks approach differs from other studies of the private bankers to compartmentalize their lives into economic, business, and social circles. Studying these circles, Pak argues, is problematic in that it obscures the context in which social choice and business decisions were made and instead, call for an integrated approach. Rather than writing a biography of the Morgans, Pak takes a broad view of the Morgans relationships, combining and drawing on the studies of the Morgans social and business relations that have come before it.[13] She focuses on a history of their network, meaning it studies their relationships and how they were organized.[14] In addition to broadening the parameters of the study, Pak u ses quantitative methods to analyze historical data that helps verify some facts with results that have been mixed. In the third chapter of the book, Gentlemen Bankers, Pak examines the relationships between J.P. Morgan Co. and the Jewish banking family of Kuhn, Leob Co.[15] She argues that religion led to the rise of Jewish firms and influenced the social clubs to which certain successful bankers and lawyers belonged. To investigate how the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) and German-Jewish bankers were able to build trust and work together under the hostile anti-Semitism in America, Pak analyzes Morgans appointment books, social club ledgers, and patterns of residence within the neighbors as well as the syndicate partners. She points out the structural and historical similarities were existed between Jewish and Yankee bankers, such as an unlimited liability private partnership, strong connections with European economic networks, shared multiple kinship ties and family marriages.[16] She also argues that social separation significantly existed because of the cultural, religious differences , language barriers, and other historical trends.[17] Starting in the nineteenth century, discrimination against the Jewish among Anglo-Americans occurred in institutions of higher learning and high society.[18] Pak illustrates that Morgan and Jewish did not reside or congregate within the same social clubs or fraternities. However, in the nine to five relationship that while Jewish and non-Jewish bankers were able to maintain their connection in downtown during the working hours, and yet the partners residences in uptown New York remained separated.[19] Pak also points out not only anti-Semitism existed between Jewish and non-Jewish bankers, racial and gender discrimination against non-white immigrants and women was not usual in the financial world during the time.[20] Paks integrated approach analyzing the appointment books, social club ledgers, and the patterns of residence within the neighbors and the syndicate partners helps interpret and analyze historical evidence more effectively. [1] North, Douglass C. Cliometrics-40 Years Later. The American Economic Review, 1977: 412-414Two presentations by Alfred Conrad and John Meyer analyzing the history of the economies of U.S. and Canada in quantitative terms, on methodology (1957) and on the economics of slavery (1958), see also Conrad, A. H. and Meyer, J. R. Economic Theory, Statistical Inference and Economic History, Journal of Economic History 17:4 (Dec. 1957): 524-44: Conrad, A. H. and Meyer, J. R. The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South. Journal of Political Economy 66:2 (April 1958): 95-130. [2] Erikson, Emily. Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833. The American Journal of Sociology, 2006: 195-230. [3] Ibid. 207 [4] Ibid. 200 [5] Tyler Anbnder, Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts, Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (2012): 743 [6] 4 Oscar Handlin, Bostons Immigrants: A Study in Acculturation (1941; Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 69, 55; Kerby A. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (New York, 1985), 314-16, 321-22; Donald Harman Akenson, The Irish Diaspora: A Primer (Toronto, 1993), 236-44; Kevin Kenny, Twenty Years of Irish American Historiography, Journal of American Ethnic History, 28 (Summer 2009), 67-69; Kenneth A. Scherzer, Immigrant Social Mobility and the Historian, in A Companion to American Immigration, ed. Reed Ueda (Malden, 2006), 374; Edward Ayers et al., American Passages: A History of the United States (Fort Worth, 2000), 397. [7] Tyler Anbnder, Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts, Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (2012): 743 [8] Ibid. 747 [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. 751 [11] Tyler Anbnder, Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts, Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (2012): 743 [12] Ibid. 769 [13] Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The world of J.P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Unversity Press, 2013): 4 [14] Ibid. [15] Chapter three: Anti-Semitism in Economic Network, 81-106 [16] Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The world of J.P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Unversity Press, 2013): 80-82 [17] Ibid. 86 The refusal of Joseph Seligman, to the Grand Union Hotel in Saratoga, New York, on the grounds that they were Jewish or to use the term of the hotel, Israelites,' [18] Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The world of J.P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Unversity Press, 2013): 95 [19] Ibid. 85 [20] Ibid. 103-106

The Truth To A Ballad :: essays research papers

The Truth to a Ballad   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"At her Redeemer’s throne she’ll stand, And she’ll be cured of woe, And He her bloodied hands will wash, And she’ll be white as snow† (15). This quote concludes the beautifully written ballad located in the first chapter of Margaret Atwood’s Alias Grace. By summarizing the events leading up to the murders, the murders themselves, and the ensuing trial, the poem presents the reader with what appears to be a foreshadowing of things to come. However, though the ballad reflects many of the novel’s events, there are several differences which contradict Grace’s narration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poetic verse and the story told by Grace contain numerous similarities. As the ballad states at the beginning, Grace says she was sixteen years old when the murders at the house of Thomas Kinnear occurred; James McDermott worked as a stable hand, and Grace was the serving maid. Also alike is the poem’s description of Nancy as a â€Å"no well-born lady†¦.who goes in satin and silk, The finest ever seen† (11). When first meeting Nancy, Grace wonders why â€Å"a housekeeper would be wanting a dress like that,† (200) immediately noticing Nancy is dressed rather well considering her occupation. When the murders take place in the novel, James strikes Nancy on the head with an axe and throws her into the cellar where she eventually died with an unborn baby in her womb. This event was depicted in the poem, as was the scene where James and Grace steal valuables from Mr. Kinnear’s house and fled across the lake to the Lewiston Hotel in t he United States. As the ballad progresses, the two are later arrested at which point Grace states she does not remember seeing the murders take place. Also similar, is James’ declaration of Grace being the one who lead him on, and if not for her the murders would have never happened. When the poem explains how Jamie Walsh marked Grace a murderer at the trial, yet she was given a life sentence while James was hung and dissected at the University, Grace’s tale is reflected perfectly. The ballad concludes with Grace receiving forgiveness and entering a life of paradise. This appears apparent at the end of the novel as Grace is pardoned, and then fulfills her â€Å"apple skin prophecy† of marrying a man with a first name beginning with ‘J.’ Though the above events are comparable to the story Grace tells, the ballad contains several discrepancies as well.

Free Essays - Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange :: Clockwork Orange Essays

Banned for social reasons in many conditions and in many school systems, Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange first seems to pierce the mind with its bizarre linguistic orgy of debauchery, brutality, and sex, and for some, refuses to affect them above the level of pure voyeurism and bloodlust (either for reveling in it or despising it). Sadism seems to twist the male protagonist; his mind becomes alive with brutal fantasies whilst listening to seemingly innocuous classical music ( â€Å"There were vecks and ptitsas, both young and starry, lying on the ground screaming for mercy, and I was smecking all over my rot and grinding my boot in their litsos.†). Many arguments have been made about the censorship of this novella which â€Å"glorifies sex and violence;† however, these elements are clearly manipulated for plot development and character development, and ultimately, the story does pose a moral lesson. By psychological definition, people affected with anti-social disorder (also known as â€Å"sociopaths† or â€Å"psychopaths†) have incredible manipulation skills; they also fail to â€Å"conform to social norms,† are deceitful and aggressive, and seek to destroy with little remorse. Sex, cruelty, and dominance define parts of anti-social behavior, and the odd near-antithesis of a hero, Alex, exists as the beloved psychopath in this cult story. He vigorously goes on nightly rampages with his band of â€Å"droogs† after consuming spiked â€Å"moloko,† tearing down what society has morally built and ripping holes into the reasoning of random citizens. Here, Burgess utilizes a unique method of writing by making the readers realize their affection for this teenage criminal, even in the midst of his violent perversions. As stated in many other summaries and analogies of the book, the ethics derived from the book revolve around the topic of choice. Is a person truly moral if their â€Å"benevolence† comes from forced conditioning as opposed to their personal choice for compassion? Does programmed decency towards people ultimately possess superiority over a natural psychosis? It can be argued that programmed decency protects the happiness of the main population, but natural psychosis comes from the choice of the individual, and protects their happiness (if the psychosis served as a source of joy for the individual to begin with, not insanity that brings about manic-depression and whatnot). Building the character of Alex to fully express the story and the questions the book will eventually pose doubtlessly requires the use of savage raping, theft, and the vicious, bloody beatings administered to many common people; these portions of A

Analyze The Concept Of Creativity History Essay

In malice of its current popularity, the construct of creativeness, i.e. its name, is a recent impression that, however, went through a figure of development phases and metabolisms caused by the alterations in the manner the construct of creativeness was perceived by societies at assorted phases of development. The procedure is non finished yet. Sometime in the hereafter the general construct of creativeness will hopefully be converted into a specialised construct, i. e. its regularities will be enumerated while its specialnesss associating it presently to a civilization or a subculture will be eliminated. In the undermentioned text, the development of the construct of creativeness throughout history is reviewed briefly, with the focal point on of import mileposts and personalities. The mileposts are arranged in a temporal sequence, whereas outstanding personalities are quoted where necessary, instead than presented in a rigorous temporal sequence. It is intuitively easy to accept the thesis that originative Acts of the Apostless have been around every bit long as the gay sapiens, the androids and, so, populating beings. The construct of creativeness appeared much later, and came away really gradually.A On the long manner to set uping it, many intermediate new footings were generated, some of which have been used for centuries, in exceeding instances until our time.A They help us understand more easy what creativeness is and how it interacts with other operations in the rational sphere.A Theoretical positions of creativeness follow the development of human civilization and thought.A Therefore, the construct of creativeness is a constituent of the history of the human idea to the same extent as any other rational manifestation ( Briffault, 1928 ) . Much of the historical developments as accounted for in the undermentioned reappraisal are based on Tatarkiewicz ‘s book ( 1980 ) , Dictionnaire philosophique, and the undermentioned mentions: Verma ( 1969 ) , Lindberg ( 1976 ) , Abdus Salam ( 1984 ) , Agar ( 2001 ) , Ahmad ( 2002 ) , Steffens ( 2006 ) , Covington ( 2007 ) , Roshdi ( 2007 ) , and Medieval Classic civilisation ; An Encyclopaedia. Prehistoric times Remarkable and really advanced objects attesting to human originative mastermind are known from the art history. They originate from many parts of the universe and from many different civilizations and epochs.A Possibly the first illustrations of the earliest manifestations of creativeness are assorted objects produced by the Australian Aborigines.A The Aborigines are presumed to hold moved to Australia from India some 50 000 old ages ago.A Their most enigmatic originative merchandise is the throwing stick – for them runing tool, for us an puzzling object of scientific studies.AAOther of import manifestation of human originative act and thought originates from Egypt and Mexico.A These states distinguish themselves non merely by really advanced ability to bring forth objects, but besides by the scientific ( most frequently astronomic ) cognition embedded in these products.A The pyramids of Egypt and those of Mexico, Guatemala, or Belize, the Mayan calendar, and the manner of ut ilizing mathematics in Egypt and in Mexico, are perfectly astonishing even today. The Mayan uranologists had developed a spacial geometry separating from astronomy.A The mathematics they used is still more accurate than the computational algorithms that make the flow of informations in modern information webs possible ( Ferrera-Balanquet, 2009 ) . Another cultural country of great importance extends in Asia, peculiarly in the country consisting the present twenty-four hours Iraq, Iran, India, Sri Lanka and Cambodia.A Buildings, stuffs and assorted constructs of natural philosophies embedded in the edifices testify to the high degree of cognition these peoples possessed 1000s of old ages ago.A In China and Japan, excessively, creativeness enhanced cognition in a mode that after 1000s of old ages is still admired. India stands, as usual, apart in that it knew creativeness as â€Å" penetration † since times immemorial. For case, in the nonextant Pali linguistic communication the word vipassanA? consists of the Sanskrit prefix â€Å" vi- † and the verbal root a?spaA†º . It is frequently translated as â€Å" insight † or â€Å" clear-seeing, † One should non be misled by the â€Å" in- † prefix in â€Å" insight † .. â€Å" Vi † in ancient Aryan linguistic communications is tantamount to the Latin â€Å" dis- † . It is sensible to reason that in the word vipassanA? the prefix â€Å" vi- † generates the significance â€Å" to see apart † , or discern. Alternatively, the â€Å" six † can work as an intensive. In that instance vipassanA? may intend â€Å" seeing profoundly † . A Pali equivalent word for â€Å" VipassanA? † is paccakkha, menaing â€Å" before the eyes, † which refers to direct expe riential perceptual experience. Therefore, the type of seeing denoted by â€Å" vipassanA? † is that of direct perceptual experience and experience, as opposed to knowledge derived from concluding or statement. It has besides been adopted as the name of a sort of Buddhist speculation. Ancient Greece The people of Ancient Greece had no footings matching to â€Å" creativeness † or â€Å" Godhead † . Yet, the poet was considered to be one who creates. Whatever was â€Å" originative † in the present sense of the word, was called art. The construct of art ( in Greek i?Siiiˆ?iˆÂ ° , from which technique and engineering evolved ) , implied subjugation to regulations. Poetry ( from i?‚i?ˆiˆ?i?ˆiˆ?i? §i?Siˆ? – to do ) was an exclusion, although it was limited merely to i?‚i?ˆi?SiˆÂ °i?† iˆ?i ( poesy ) and to the i?‚i?ˆiˆ?iˆÂ °i?Si?si ( poet, or shaper ) who made it, instead than to art in general. The ground was that art was considered an imitation of what already exists, â€Å" the devising of things, harmonizing to regulations † , therefore subjugation to Torahs and regulations. In picture, music, or literature, there was no freedom.A They were governed by what was known as I?I?I?I?I? ( the Torahs ) .A This conservative attitude and demand for subjugation prevailed in the plants of Plato who claimed, chiefly in Timaeus, Dialogue of Ion, and in The Republic, that a good work is contingent on detecting an ageless theoretical account as suggested by Nature, and ne'er divert from that theoretical account. The ageless theoretical accounts were within range, in the surrounding universe, of which creative persons were the imitators.A A They therefore had to stay by certain rules.A In the ocular humanistic disciplines, freedom was curtailed by the proportions that Polyclitus had established for the human frame. He called them â€Å" the canon † ( significance, step ) . Likewise, in music, no freedom was necessary because tunes for ceremonials and amusement were known. They were prescribed as nomoi. Making of things harmonizing to regulations, or I„I µI†¡I†¦I · , was non considered to incorporate any creativeness at all.A In fact, if they had contained creativeness, the province of personal businesss would be considered bad by the Grecian criterions of that clip: Something similar to the negative perceptual experience of originative accounting presents [ Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 244 ] . Man ought to detect the Torahs of Nature and abide by them. Seeking freedom of action unnecessarily distracts him from seeking the optimal manner. In Ancient Greece the creative person was non an discoverer, he was a inventor [ Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245 ] . It means that he had to analyze the Torahs of Nature, discover and see how related entities interact, and utilize them as a theoretical account. This world-view had its ain justification.A Nature is both perfect and capable to laws.A The creative person ‘s aspiration must be to detect these Torahs and submit to them, instead than seek the distracting freedom from these Torahs, a freedom that would debar him from achieving the optimum state.A Poetry stood outside these limitations.A The poet invented a whole new universe and gave it life.A The poet differed from the creative person, the impersonator, in that Torahs did non adhere him.A In malice of the absence of the term for creativeness, creative activity, or the Godhead, the poet, and merely the poet, was understood to be a creator.A Harmonizing to the Greek position, the poet was an discoverer, i. e. he put together unrelated entities and allow them interact in an arbitrary mode. This is what made poesy the lone exclusion from the regulations using to art. In footings of truthfulness of this world-view, Aristotle, who established the term truth, was non certain whether poesy required attachment to truth, i. e. whether it imitated Nature. He thought that poesy was in the kingdom that was neither true nor false [ Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245-6 ] . The constructs of imaginativeness and inspiration, excessively, were restricted to poetry merely. Poets were seen otherwise and they saw things otherwise. But non everybody was reconciled with this limitation. An illustration can be found in the Odyssey, where a inquiry is posed why the vocalist should be forbidden to entertain his hearers with vocalizing as he himself will. Yet, even in this stiff environment of tenet, some advancement took topographic point. Therefore, in the third century, Porphyry of Tyros diagrammatically visualized the construct classs of Aristotle. In the 4thcentury of the Christian epoch, Pappus of Alexandria searched for a scientific discipline of innovation. He named his techniques â€Å" heuristics † . Antique Rome The Roman civilisation developed from the Grecian civilisation. It was younger, therefore more progressive and more explorative than was the civilisation of Greece. Therefore, things were seen in a different visible radiation in Rome, and the Grecian constructs were viewed as partly outdated. To get down with, the vocabulary was enriched with new constructs, which shook up the foundations of the Greek idea. This attempt happened to follow two counter-directions.A on the one manus, Cicero wrote that art embracings those things â€Å" which are known † ( â€Å" quae sciuntur † ) [ Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245 ] . Horace, on the other manus, elevated painters to the degree of poets in giving them the privilege of make bolding whatever they pleased ( â€Å" quod libet audendi † ) , alternatively of following the â€Å" ageless theoretical account † .A Furthermore, in the worsening period of antiquity, Lucius Flavius Philostratus discovered a similarity between p oesy and art, and found that art and poesy have imaginativeness in common. Callistratos expanded these thoughts by saying that every bit much as the art of the poets and authors of matter-of-fact literature is inspired, so are the custodies of sculpturers. They, excessively, are gifted with the approval of godly inspiration. The freshness of these posits follows from the fact that Greeks had applied the constructs of imaginativeness and inspiration to poetry merely, but non to the ocular arts.A The Grecian linguistic communication had no word for making, whereas Latin had.A Creare and facere were two Latin words matching to the Greek IˆI?I µI?I†¦.A Yet, ab initio the two Latin footings had about the same significance ( Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 246 ) , and were therefore interchangeable. Christian religion Under mediaeval Christianity, the Latin â€Å" creatio † came to denominate God ‘s act of â€Å" creatio ex nihilo † ( i.e. creative activity from nil ) . â€Å" Creatio † therefore no longer could use to human activities. Its significance differed from the significance of â€Å" facere † ( to do ) .A Applied to human activities, facere was the lone word to be used.A Cassiodorus, the of import solon and author of the sixth century, explained that things made and created differ, because we can do but can non create.A His of import plants on this subject, written after his retirement, include De anima ( published 540 ) , Institutiones Divinarum et Saecularium Litterarum ( published likely 543-555 ) , and De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Litterarum [ Tatarkiewicz 1980, p. 247 ] . This more or less â€Å" secular † reading of creativeness collided with the antediluvian positions of some Christian writers.A To get down with, they believed that art did non belong to the kingdom of creativeness. In this regard they had the same belief as the Greeks. Medieval Christian authors granted no exclusion to poetry.A They claimed that poesy had to follow its regulations. Therefore it was an art, i. e. a trade instead than a originative activity.A The dominant figure among these authors was St. Augustine, a personality whose plants are of involvement even today.A He is claimed to hold used the word imaginativeness as a precursor to creativity.A Imagination, harmonizing to St. Augustine comprised temperament, generation, decrease, extension, telling, any sort of re-composition of images, etc. ( Rodari, 1983 ) . These really same constituents of â€Å" imaginativeness † are used even today [ Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 247 ] .Further alterations were recorded in the Middle Ages: poesy ‘s exceeding position was bit by bit revoked, because poesy had its regulations. It was therefore regarded as an art, i. e. a trade, instead than creativeness. The new, spiritual reading of the look notwithstanding, the sentiment that art is non related to creativeness persisted. The plants of two influential early Christian authors, Pseudo-Dionysius and St. Augustine, turn out it. The same can be said the plants of Hraban the Moor and Robert Grosseteste, in the thirteenth century.Renascence There are two periods in European history, called the Renaissance.A The first 1 is the twelfth century Renaissance. It was a period of many advanced and originative cahnges during the High Middle Ages, such as societal, political and economic transmutations. Parallel developments in doctrine and scientific discipline resulted in an rational revival of Europe.A The 2nd Renaissance is the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century.A Some historiographers claim that the alterations holding taken topographic point in the Middle Ages paved the manner to the Italian Renaissance, every bit good as to the scientific developments of the seventeenth century.AThe Gallic historian Jacques lupus erythematosus Goff, an agnostic, argues that the Middle Ages formed an wholly new civilisation, distinct from both the Greco-Roman antiquity, and from the modern world.A The mediaeval accomplishments of the human head and the human custodies can merely be related briefly. The First Rrenaissance. The most originative political Acts of the Apostless of the twelfth century were the initiation of the Hansa in Northern Europe ( along the southern shore of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, with a few jaunts deeper into Central Europe ) , the Crusades, the rise of towns, and the rise of the early bureaucratic states.A In the cultural sphere the slangs began to replace Latin progressively, higher instruction became more outstanding, with universities shooting all around the European continent between the Atlantic and the Theisse river, the Romanesque art was bit by bit replaced by the Gothic art, the liturgical play, and a European system of jurisprudence was established.A These alterations are true milestones.A In the humanistic disciplines, more accent was put on architecture and sculpture, while in analogue there was a resurgence of involvement in Latin poesy and Latin classics.A An outer enlargement began in the late thirteenth century, when the Venetian adventurer Marco Polo set out to follow the Silk Road to China.A His documental Il Milone made Europeans more cognizant of the Far East, which inspired many missionaries ( Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Giovanni de Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, and others ) to travel east and spread Christianity.A The greatest spring of human cognition were, nevertheless, recorded in scientific discipline and technology.A Since Ibn Alhazen ( besides known as Alhazen, 965-1039 ) laid down the foundations of the scientific method, the accent was put on seeking truth.A Science therefore became a formal subject, different from philosophy.A In early Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire, the most advanced civilization of antiquity, suffered losingss and a diminution in its scientific capacity.A Likewise, Western Europe, after the autumn of the Western Roman Empire, suffered a ruinous loss of knowledge.A This was partly offset by the attempts of Church bookmans, like Aquinas and Buridan, who preserved elements of scientific inquiry.A In that mode, by interpreting and copying the plants of Islamic bookmans Europe could get down catching up with the scientific finds of the Islamic universe, the Mediterranean basin, India, and China. The most of import stairss to Europe ‘s scientific recovery at that clip consist the undermentioned events: Development of the scientific method ( Alhazen, Biruni, Bacon, and Grosseteste ) ; Arithmetic and Algebra ( Al-Khwarizmi ) ; Differential concretion ( Bhaskara ) ; Mechanics ( Avicenna, with a ulterior part by Ibn Bajjah, besides known as Avempace, Buridan, Galileo, Descartes and Newton ) ; OpticsA ( Aristotle, Plato, Galen, Euclid, Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemaeus. In the tenth century, Alhazen proved through empirical observation that light propagates linearly ; A Robert Grosseteste developed a theory of optics based on the plants of al-Kindi and Ptolemaeus.A Roger Bacon expanded on Grossetestes ‘s theory and integrated Alhazen ‘s optics into it.A Finally, Kepler was able to utilize the foregoing findings to develop the modern theory of optics ) ; SurgeryA ( Abulcasis or Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi developed processs and instruments of modern s urgery, such as the scalpel, syringe, vaginal speculum, etc. ) .A In 1266, Theodoric Borgogni published his Chirurgia, in which he advocates antiseptic surgery ) ; Alchemy and Chemistry ( The Jaberian Corpus, written in the tenth century by the Brotherhood of Purity ( Ismaylia ) , the Summa Perfectionis, by Paulus de Tarento, the Secret of Secrets by al-Razi ( Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi ) ; A Trigonometry ( al-Tusi, Regiomontanus and Puerbach made these methods wider known in the fifteenth century ) ; Navigation ( the astrolabe and the portable compass, Peter de Maricourt ) ; Accurate lunar modelsA ( Ibn al-Shatir ; Copernicus is believed to hold relied on al-Shatir ‘s theoretical account ) ; Incendiary arms and bombs ( flame-throwers, land- and sea-mines, and projectiles ) . Among of import technological achievements and developments, the followers can be listed: The windmill, foremost mentioned in 1185 ( England ) ; Paper industry began around 1270 ( Italy ) ; The spinning wheel ( thirteenth century ) ; The magnetic compass for pilotage, and the astrolabe ( toward the terminal of the thirteenth century ) ; Spectacless, in the late thirteenth century ( Italy ) ; The Hindu-Arabic numbers introduced to Europe in 1202 with the book Liber Abaci by Leonardo of Pisa ; The stern-mounted rudder, which can be found on church carvings.AThe doctrine developed in the Middle Ages was the Scholasticism.A It is founded on a reinterpretation of the plants of Aristotle, with farther polishs by bookmans like Avicenna, Averroes, Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, and Abelard.A Scholasticism believes in empirical surveies, and its practicians supported the Catholic Church.A Possibly the most celebrated practician of Scholasticism was Thomas of Aquinas.A His Doctrine of head Teachs that the head of a newborn babe is a tabula rasa that was given the ability to believe, and to acknowledge signifiers, forms, or thoughts through a Godhead flicker. In the late Middle Ages, the rate of scientific advancement declined significantly due to the diminution of the Muslim imperiums and the Byzantine Empire.A This state of affairs lasted until after the Renaissance. The Italian Reanaissance. The Italian Reanaissance brought farther alterations into the manner of thought and life style of people.A The Renaissance doctrine is that of Humanism, which possibly is more a method of larning than a doctrine per Se. An approximative, but by and large accepted definition of Humanism is â€Å" the motion to retrieve, construe, and absorb the linguistic communication, literature, larning and values of ancient Greece and Rome † . Unlike the medieval bookmans, humanists would use a combination of concluding and empirical grounds in reading and measuring ancient texts in the original. Humanistic instruction focused on the survey of five humanistic disciplines: poesy, grammar, history, rhetoric, and moral doctrine. Above all, humanists asserted adult male ‘s mastermind and the ability of the human head, which is alone and extraordinary. Humanitarianism is more secular in some facets, but it unimpeachably developed against a Christian background, peculiarly in the Northern Renaissance.A That period gave mankind some outstanding theologists, all of them followings of the humanist method.A They include Zwingli, Calvin, Thomas More, Erasmus, and Martin Luther.A In peculiar, Dr Martin Luther must be viewed as the liberator of the human psyche, with whatever consequence it had on subsequent cataclysmal developments in society, scientific discipline, concern, and trade. Although the people of the Renaissance were good cognizant of their freedom and creativeness, the term creativeness was non established yet. It was non until the 17th-century that the word â€Å" creativeness † was applied for the first clip. The adult male behind it was Polish poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski ( 1595-1640 ) , besides known as â€Å" the last Latin poet † . Sarbiewaski applied the term merely to poetry. In his treatise, De perfecta poesi, he wrote that a poet â€Å" invents, † and creates afresh ( â€Å" de novo creat † ) in the mode of God ( â€Å" instar Dei † ) ( Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248 ) . Other humanistic disciplines, in Sarbiewski ‘s sentiment, do non make. They simply imitate and copy. Why Sarbiewski regarded creativeness as something that lone poesy could be associated with, therefore excepting ocular humanistic disciplines, follows from his sentiment that humanistic disciplines ( other than poesy ) imitate and transcript, instead than make, in that they assume the stuff from which they create is already available, and so is the topic. At the terminal of the seventeenth century Andre Felibien ( 1619-75 ) called the painter â€Å" a Godhead † . Spanish Jesuit Baltasar Gracian ( 1601-58 ) saw art as the 2nd Creator that complements nature. This preparation is evocative of Sarbiewski ‘s preparations ( Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248 ) . In the eighteenth century, the happening of the construct of creativeness in art theory kept increasing. It was complemented with the construct of imaginativeness. In Joseph Addison ‘s sentiment imaginativeness â€Å" has something in it like creative activity † . A similar sentiment was held by Voltaire ( 1740 ) . These writers, nevertheless, equated merely poet with Godhead ( Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248-9 ) . Contrary positions proliferated, excessively, peculiarly in France. Diderot worked with imaginativeness, which he viewed simply as â€Å" the memory of signifiers and contents † , which â€Å" creates nil † . It merely combines, magnifies or diminishes. â€Å" The human head can non make † , wrote Charles Batteux. He, excessively, saw its merchandises as exposing the stigmata of the theoretical account used. Etienne Bonnot de Condillac ( 1715-80 ) and Luc de Clapiers, known as Marquis de Vauvenargues ( 1715-47 ) , proposed similar thoughts ( Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249 ) . There were three grounds why they rejected the thought of human creativeness: Creation was at that clip reserved for creative activity ex nihilo. The latter was beyond adult male ‘s abilities. Creation is a cryptic act. Enlightenment psychological science, nevertheless, had no room for enigmas. Artists of that clip age observed their regulations. Creativity, nevertheless, seemed unreconcilable with regulations. The 3rd expostulation was, nevertheless, weak. Houdar de la Motte ( 1715 ) was one of the minds who suggested that regulations, excessively, â€Å" are a human innovation † ( Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249 ) . The philosopher Marsilio Ficino wrote that the creative person ‘s work is the consequence of believing it up ( â€Å" excogitatio † ) . Leon Battista Alberti, the theorist of architecture and picture, claimed that he preordains ( â€Å" preordinazione † ) , and Raphael claimed that his thoughts determine his picture. Universal mastermind Leonardo district attorney Vinci claimed that it was his thought that determined how his picture was shaped, utilizing forms that do non be in nature.A Another painter, Raphael Santi, excessively, claimed that he painted harmonizing to his ideas.A Giorgio Vasari claimed that nature is conquered by art.A Paolo Pino, the art theorist from Venice claimed that picture is â€Å" contriving what is non † . Likewise, Paolo Veronese declared that painters take the same autonomies as they were poets and lunatics. â€Å" A new universe, new Edens † was what an creative person forms, maintained Federico Zuccari. Cesare Cesarian o extended this to architects whom he considered â€Å" demi-gods. † In the kingdom of music, harmonizing to the Dutch composer and musicologist Jan Tinctoris, a composer was â€Å" one who produces new vocals † . He therefore associated freshness with a composer ‘s work. Writers on poesy were even more consequent.A Capriano claimed that poetic innovations jumping â€Å" from nil † .A Francesco Patrizi held that poesy was a â€Å" fiction † , â€Å" defining † , and â€Å" transmutation † ( Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248 ) . The developments in the Renaissance scientific discipline were every bit dynamic as in the arts.A Science and the humanistic disciplines were intermingled, which manifests best in the plants of Leonardo district attorney Vinci.A He made experimental drawings of nature and anatomy, set up and conducted controlled experiments in water-flow and aeromechanicss, systematic survey of gesture, and medical dissection.A Leonardo devised rules of scientific research method in the spirit of holistic, non-mechanistic and non-reductive attack popular today.A Leonardo deserves the name â€Å" the male parent of modern scientific discipline † .A A The focal point on the procedure for find, the scientific method, corroborated by influential advocates such as Copernicus and Galileo, is possibly the most important development of that clip. This radical manner of larning about the universe stressed the importance of empirical grounds, every bit good as the importance of mathematics, instead than foregrounding a given find. Age of Reason In the eighteenth century, the Age of Reason and Change, the construct of creativeness appeared more often in art theory.A Once once more, celebrated personalities needed an accessory construct to explicate and warrant creativity.A One such construct was that of imagination.A It was foremost used in 1712 by the English litterateur, poet and publishing house Joseph Addison.A He published 11 essays on imaginativeness in The Spectator.A In one essay he claims that merely the sense of sight supplies ideas to the imaginativeness. He speculated about a congruity between imagiantion and creativeness. By the same clip, the celebrated Gallic writer and philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire distinguished between inactive and active imagination.A On the latter he wrote in his Dictionnaire philosophique that â€Å" Active imaginativeness is that which joins combination and contemplation to memory. It brings near to us many objects at a distance ; it separates those assorted together, co mpounds them, and changes them ; it seems to make, while in fact it simply arranges ; for it has non been given to adult male to do ideas-he is merely able to modify them † .A Voltaire continued: â€Å" This gift of nature is an imaginativeness inventive in the humanistic disciplines – in the temperament of a image, in the construction of a verse form. â€Å" A Both writers therefore indicate that poets are originative, and they equate poet with creator.A A Modern times The opposition against acknowledging art as creativeness, seen in the preceding centuries, crumbled wholly in the 19thcentury. Now art gained acknowledgment as creativeness and, furthermore, art entirely was regarded as creativeness. At the bend of the twentieth century treatment of creativeness in the art every bit good as in the scientific disciplines, e.g. by Jan A?ukasiewicz ( Sinisi, 2004 ) , and in nature ( californium. Bergson, 1907 ) began. At this point concepts proper to art were applied to the scientific disciplines and to nature [ Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249 ] . There was, nevertheless, a long waiting clip to the scientific survey of creativeness. The thought of some modern clip bookmans will be expounded in the subsequent chapter. The beginning of scientific survey of creativeness is by and large taken to be J. P. Guilford ‘s reference to the American Psychological Association in 1950. Many bookmans joined in the attempt to research creativeness in the old ages to come. They took a more matter-of-fact attack to this esoteric topic. As creativeness became established as a subject, bookmans realized that creativeness depends on being practiced. Creativity reveals itself in achievements and workss, instead than in words. While a sound theoretical attack still was of import, more and more accent was put on developing practical creativeness techniques. Important personalities exemplifying this attack include Alex Osborn, who in the 1950s invented brainstorming. In the same decennary, Genrikh Altov, subsequently naming himself Altshuller, came up with his â€Å" Theory of Inventive Problem Solving † , better known as TRIZ. In the 1960, Edward de Bono became celebrated after holding developed his influen tial theory of â€Å" Lateral thought. † These and other theories and techniques are expounded in more item in subsequent chapters.Mentions to the History of CreativityAbdus Salam ( 1984 ) , â€Å" Islam and Science † . In C. H. Lai ( 1987 ) , Ideals and Realities: Selected Essaies of Abdus Salam, 2nd ed. , World Scientific, Singapore, p. 179-213. Agar, D. ( 2001 ) . Arabic Studies in Physics and Astronomy During 800 – 1400 AD. University of Jyvaskyla Ahmad, Imad-ad-Dean ( 2002 ) . The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study. Conference on Faith and Reason, Al-Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco, June 3. Bergson, H. ( 1907 ) . L'evolution creatrice. Downloaded in February 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bergson_henri/evolution_creatrice/evolution_creatrice.pdf Briffault, R. ( 1928 ) . The Making of Humanity, p. 202. G. Allen & A ; Unwin Ltd. Covington, R. ( 2007 ) . A Rediscovering Arabic Science. Saudi Aramco World, May-June 2007, pp. 2-16. Ferrera-Balanquet R. M. ( 2009 ) . Territorios en el Desafio: La Subjetividad Historica. Escaner Cultural. Downloaded en December 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //revista.escaner.cl/node/1643 Gorini, R. ( 2003 ) . â€Å" Al-Haytham the Man of Experience. First Steps in the Science of Vision † , International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy. Lindberg, D. C. ( 1976 ) . Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, pp. 60-7. Rodari, G. ( 1983 ) . Gramatica de la fantasia.A Introduccion Al arte de inventar historias.A Editorial Argos Vergara, Barcelona, 1983.A Translated from the Italian original Grammatica della fantasia, Giulio Einaudi, Torino 1973. Roshdi Rashed ( 2007 ) . â€Å" The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn Alhazen † , Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 17, p. 7-55 [ 35-36 ] . Cambridge University Press. Sinisi, V, ( 2004 ) . A?ukasiewicz on Reasoning in the natural Sciences. Topoi, Vol. 23, No 2, pp. 229-233. ISSN 0167-7411 Steffens, B. ( 2006 ) . Ibn Alhazen: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1599350246. Tatarkiewicz, W. ( 1980 ) . A history of six thoughts: An essay in aesthetics. English interlingual rendition by Christopher Kasparek. The Hague: Martinus Nijhof. Verma, R. L. ( 1969 ) . â€Å" Al-Hazen: male parent of modern optics † , Al-Arabi, 8, pp. 12-13. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopaedia, Vol. II, p. 343-345, A Routledge, New York, London. Dictionnaire philosophique e-books @ Adelaide, Perused in 2009 ( www.lucidcafe.com/library/95nov/voltaire.html )